How do pest invertebrates commonly damage plants?

Pest invertebrates primarily damage plants by feeding on them and spreading pathogens. When these organisms, such as aphids, caterpillars, and beetles, consume plant tissues, they can weaken the plants, reduce their ability to photosynthesize, and ultimately compromise their health. This feeding can lead to visible damage such as wilting, discoloration, and death of plant tissues.

Additionally, certain pest invertebrates are vectors for diseases that can further harm plants. For instance, insects like aphids can transmit viruses from one plant to another, leading to infections that can cause stunted growth, deformations, or even death. The combination of direct feeding damage and the potential to introduce pathogens makes pest invertebrates a significant threat to plant health and productivity.

In contrast, providing nutrients, assisting in pollination, and increasing growth rates are beneficial interactions with plants, which are not characteristic of pest invertebrates.